Solar Photovoltaic (PV) power plants harness the sun’s energy through semiconductor materials like silicon or gallium to directly convert sunlight into electricity. When sunlight strikes the PV cells, it creates free electrons and holes at positive/negative junctions. Connecting these junctions to DC electrical equipment allows current to flow, powering electrical devices.

The DC power generated by solar cells is converted into AC power by inverters, enabling it to operate AC equipment and synchronize with the grid in On-Grid systems. These systems use specially designed inverters with anti-islanding protection to ensure safety and efficiency. Excess power produced can be exported to the grid.

Off-grid systems, on the other hand, provide power directly to loads and batteries. They are crucial where grid power is unreliable or unavailable, offering autonomy and reliability.